ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A REVIEW OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND CURRENT INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

Abstract

The introduction of antimicrobial agents in human medicine has changed the therapeutic paradigm, saving millions of lives from infectious diseases. However, their ever-increasing use and misuse have contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health menace, with significant consequences, including increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Several factors contribute to this issue, influenced by both human activities and the environment. Human-related factors include antimicrobial overuse and misuse, inadequate sanitation and hygiene in public settings. Environmental factors, such as naturally existing resistance genes, improper disposal of unused antimicrobials, contamination from waste in public settings, animal farms, and pharmaceutical industries, and the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and sanitation, also contribute to the spread and emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Considering the substantial impact of antimicrobial resistance on the healthcare system, several intervention strategies have been proposed. These include antibiotic stewardship programs, education initiatives, good hygiene practices, infection control strategies, and collaborative involvement of stakeholders in public health sectors, emphasizing interdisciplinary coordination and cooperation. Adopting a One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance.