The Impact of Microorganisms on Water Quality: An Overview

Abstract

The major sources of microbial contamination include domestic and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, poor sanitation, and urban storm water. This research was aimed to outline the significant role microorganisms in influencing water quality across various environments. While some microbes are beneficial contributing to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and ecological balance others are pathogenic and pose serious threats to public health through the contamination of water sources. These introduce a wide range of harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other pathogens into both surface and groundwater systems, often resulting in outbreaks of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. To monitor and control these risks, scientists employ a range of detection techniques, including traditional culture-based methods, molecular diagnostics like PCR, and the use of microbial indicators such as E. coli. Regular water testing is critical, especially in developing regions where infrastructure and sanitation are lacking. Global case studies have shown that microbial water pollution is a challenge shared by both developed and developing nations, though its impact is often more severe in low-resource settings. In Nigeria, for example, inadequate waste management and seasonal flooding exacerbate microbial contamination. The seminar concludes that effective water management, improved sanitation, community education, and sustained monitoring are key to reducing microbial risks and ensuring safe, accessible water for all. Microorganisms, though small, have a large impact one that must be understood, respected, and carefully managed.

Keywords: Microorganism, water-quality, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses