DETECTION OF NDM-1 AND OXA-23 ENCODING CARBAPENEMASE RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM POLLUTED AND SEMI PRISTINE SOILS

Abstract

The proportion and overall number of bacterial infections exhibiting Multidrug Resistance (MDR) to antimicrobial drugs have dramatically increased over the past ten years. Soil bacteria are becoming good source of MDR to human, animal and health care facilities. We hypothesised that bacteria resistant elements in edaphic systems have originated primarily from human -impacted environments, with relatively little information from pristine environments. Heavy metal polluted soil sample was collected from Challawa industrial dump site within Kano metropolis while the semi pristine soil samples were collected from Botanical Garden and Ecological garden of Bayero University Kano. The bacterial communities in the soil were screened by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The bacteria isolated were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using 11 different types of antibiotics using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute.  NDM -1 and OXA-51 resistance genes were detected in MDR isolates from the two sources using PCR. 7 Bactria in total were isolated,2 from heavy metal polluted soil location and 5 from semi-pristine locations. Specifically,2 Acinetobacter spp.,2 Bacillus spp., 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa., 1 Staphylococcus spp., exhibited high level of resistance (90.91%) to Amoxicillin, Celalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Cindamycin, Cloxacillin, Co-Trimoxazole, Erythromycin, Tetracyclin, Imipenem, Ceftazidime and Cefotaxime. While none of the microorganisms tested negative for OXA-23, they all tested positive for NDM-1. In conclusion, regardless of the level of anthropogenic activity, antimicrobial resistant bacteria encoding carbapenemase resistance are found in both polluted and semi pristine environments, indicating widespread in the environments and will require holistic approach to lessen their impact