Removal of Heavy Metal from Waste Water Using Algal Based Remediation: An Overview

Abstract

Phycoremediation, also known as natural process, is gaining attention due to its cost-effectiveness, scalability, and potential for biomass utilization in biofuel production. Some microalgal species can bioremidiate heavy metal such lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) from waste water. Microalgae species such as Chlorella Spirulinaplatensis and Chlorella vulgaris have been studied widely for their role in heavy metal absorption and organic pollutant degradation. These algae use their cell walls and intracellular mechanisms to bind and detoxify pollutants making them effective bio-sorbents. Furthermore, algae can convert carbon dioxide into oxygen through photosynthesis, thereby mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while improving water quality. Industrial operations, agricultural runoff, and the disposal of household garbage can all contributed to environmental pollution, especially water contamination. An environmentally responsible and sustainable method of eliminating heavy metal contaminants from water bodies is algae-based remediation. It has been shown that algae, especially microalgae, may decompose organic contaminants, absorb heavy metals, and extract surplus nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. This research was aimed to outline the mechanisms and methods of removal of heavy metal from waste water using algal based remediation. Compared to conventional remediation techniques such as chemical treatments and filtration, algae-based remediation presents a sustainable alternative with minimal secondary pollution. Additionally, the harvested algal biomass can be repurposed for bioenergy, fertilizers, and animal feed, promoting a circular economy approach. Despite its advantages, challenges such as optimizing algal growth conditions, scaling up treatment systems, and addressing potential algal toxicity require further research and technological advancements.

Keywords: Heavy-metal, Waste-water, Algae, Bioremediation, Phycoremediation