The Emerging and Re-emerging Issues of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Nigeria: An Overview

Abstract

The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in Nigeria are central to the rapid development of resistance. In many cases, antibiotics are prescribed without proper diagnostic tests to confirm bacterial infections and this act is on rise. Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge, with Nigeria facing significant threats due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. This review examines the emerging and re-emerging issues of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Nigeria, highlighting the key drivers of resistance, including self-medication, over-prescription by healthcare providers, and the unregulated use of antibiotics in livestock farming. The lack of diagnostic tools, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and weak regulatory frameworks exacerbate the problem, leading to the rapid spread of resistant bacterial strains.  The consequences of AMR in Nigeria are dire, with rising mortality and morbidity rates, increased healthcare costs, and complications in medical procedures such as surgeries and cancer treatments. Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, are disproportionately affected. The agricultural sector contributes to resistance through the prophylactic use of antibiotics in livestock, which enters the human food chain and fosters resistant bacteria.  Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including stricter regulations on antibiotic sales, public education campaigns to promote rational use, and investments in healthcare infrastructure to improve diagnostic capabilities and infection control. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship, expanding access to vaccines, and fostering research into alternative treatments are also essential. Collaborative efforts among government agencies, healthcare providers, and the public are critical to mitigating the impact of antibiotic resistance. Without immediate action, Nigeria risks a post-antibiotic era where common infections become untreatable, undermining public health progress and economic stability. Therefore, there is urgent need to stop this behaviour of misuse and overuse of antibiotics in Nigeria either by strict government policies or a unique public awareness so that antibiotics abuse can be addressed and the term antibiotics resistance be reduced drastically.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance (AMR), Emerging, Re-emerging, Bacteria, Nigeria